Polymerase Chain Reaction: The Powerhouse of Modern Molecular Biology
In the world of biotechnology and medical research, some techniques have had a profound impact as polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This groundbreaking method, which was first developed by Carrie Mulis in 1983, allows scientists to increase the small amounts of DNA in millions of copies. Once in a laboratory, weeks of weeks can now be done in a few hours, making PCR diagnostics, genetics, forensic and an essential tool in drug development. What is PCR? At its core, the polymerase chain reaction is a technique that mimics the natural DNA replication. Using specific enzymes and controlled temperature cycles, PCR multiply DNA segments, produces enough materials for detailed studies and analysis. It works by cycling through three main stages: Determination - DNA strands are separated by heating. Annealing - Short DNA primer connect with target sequence. Extension - DNA polymerase enzymes form a new strand by adding nucleotides. Repeating this cycle more than 20–40 times leads to expone...